1 Seasonal designations such as "summer-run," "summer chum salmon," or "summers" are used synonymously in this report.
2The terms "run," "stock," and "population" are used synonymously in this report and generally refer to a group of salmon that spawn at a particular place and time. These terms are problematical because they have been used in a variety of ways by salmon biologists and managers throughout the Pacific Northwest. For examples, WDFW (1997:A-4) uses the same definition for "stock" and "population" but defines "run" as "the sum of stocks of a single salmonid species which migrates to a particular region, river, or stream of origin at a particular time" (p. A-4).
3S. Phelps, Washington Department of Fish and Wildlife, P.O. Box 43151, Olympia, Washington 98504. Pers. commun., December 15, 1994.
4The fish was caught in a Northwestern Fisheries Company trap on 12 July 1928 near the Quadra cannery in the Ketchikan district of southeast Alaska. It was photographed, weighed, and measured by the general manager of the company, P. H. McCue. The fish was a bright male in prime condition and scale data indicated it was 6 years old. The news article in Pacific Fisherman (1928) indicated that a number of similar-sized fish were caught by the trappers that summer.
5N. Lampsakis, Fisheries Office, Point No Point Treaty Council, 7999 N.E. Salish Lane, Kingston, Washington 98346. Pers. commun., September 1995.
6Michael Morgan in an article published in Alaska magazine in 1975 entitled "The Middle Yukon, and Its Troublesome Tributary, Tanana" quoted a fish buyer who paid $1.25 per chum salmon as saying: "When I buy 'em, I call 'em dogs. When I sell 'em, I call 'em chums."
7J. Hiss, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Western Washington Fisheries Assistance Office, 2625 Parkmont Lane, Building A, Olympia, Washington 98502. Pers. commun., October 1994.
8K. Chew, School of Fisheries, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195. Pers. commun., April 1995.
9J. Helle, NMFS Alaska Fisheries Science Center, Auke Bay Laboratory, 11305 Glacier Hwy., Juneau, Alaska 99801. Pers. commun., April 1995.
10D. Hendrick, Washington Department of Fish and Wildlife, 333 East Blackburn Rd., Mt. Vernon, Washington 98273. Pers. commun., January 1996.
11"Fall" is used synonymously with "autumn" to describe run times in this report. "Autumn" is most commonly used in the literature to refer to chum salmon in Asia, and "fall" refers to chum salmon in North America. Also see footnote 1.
12A. Semenchenko, Pacific Institute of Fisheries and Oceanographic Research (TINRO), 4 Shevchenko Alley, Vladivostok, 690600 Russia; and X. Augerot, Center for the Analysis of Environmental Change, Oregon State University, Nash Hall, Corvallis, OR 97331. Pers. commun., July 1996.
13C. M. Yanagawa. 1968. Kotzebue chum salmon tagging projects, 1966-1968. AYK Region Fishery Bulletin #7, cited in Bigler and Burwen 1984.
14J. Helle, NMFS Alaska Fisheries Science Center, Auke Bay Laboratory, 11305 Glacier Hwy., Juneau, Alaska 99801. Pers. commun., November 1995.
15T. Beacham, Department of Fisheries and Oceans, Biological Sciences Branch, Pacific Biological Station, Nanaimo, B.C., Canada V9R 5K6. Pers. commun., September 1995.
16C. Cook-Tabor and D. Zajac, U.S. Department of Interior, Fish and Wildlife Service, Western Washington Fishery Resource Office, 2625 Parkmont Lane, Bldg. A, Olympia, Washington 98502. Pers. commun., March 1995.
17N. Lampsakis, Fisheries Office, Point No Point Treaty Council, 7999 N.E. Salish Lane, Kingston, Washington 98346. Pers. commun., March 1995.
18R. Johnson, 133 LipLip Land, Nordland, Washington 98358. Pers. commun., May 1995.
19Frank P. Thrower, NMFS Auke Bay Laboratory, 11305 Glacier Highway, Juneau, Alaska 99801-8626. Pers. commun., November 1995.
20Thermal or temperature units (TUs) are the average number of degrees above 0C during a 24-hour period.
21Healey (1982) found that chinook salmon (of all salmonid species) depend most on estuarine habitat, since all chinook life-history types feed and grow for some time in estuaries (unlike stream-type fry, ocean-type chinook fry move quickly to salt water after emerging and depend on estuaries for nursery habitats). Lake-type sockeye and pink salmon depend on estuaries the least of anadromous salmonids.
22C. Tabor-Cook, T. Kane, and D. Zajac, USFWS Western Washington Fisheries Resource Office, 2625 Parkmont Lane, Bld. A, Olympia, Washington 98502. Pers. commun., November 1995 and January 1996.
23T. Tynan, Washington Department of Fish and Wildlife, P.O. Box 43151, Olympia, Washington 98504. Pers. commun., June 1996.
24S. Phelps, Washington Department of Fish and Wildlife, P.O. Box 43151, Olympia, Washington 98504. Pers. commun., July 1995.
25As described in Table 14, WDFW data from the 1960s to 1980 (NRC 1995) identify a total of about 1.5 million fall chum salmon spawned at Hood Canal hatcheries before November. From 1980 to 1987, about 600,000 fish were spawned prior to November. In 1988 from 30 October to 5 November, about 2 million Finch Creek stock fall chum salmon were spawned. In recent years no fall chum salmon have been spawned prior to October 30th at state, tribal or federal hatcheries in Hood Canal.
26S. Urawa, Genetics Section, Research Division, Hokkaido Salmon Hatchery, 2 -2 Nakonoshima, Toyohira-ku, Sapporo 062, Japan. Pers. commun., June 1996.
27Kook-Ki Baik, Yang Yang Inland Research Institute, Gang Oweon Do National Fisheries Research and Development Agency, Yang Yang, RSK. Pers. commun., June 1996.
28S. Zolotukhin, Pacific Institute of Fisheries and Oceanographic Research (TINRO), Vladivostok, Russia, and Xan Augerot, Center for the Analysis of Environmental Change, Nash Hall, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR. Pers. commun., August 1996.
29T. Tynan and H. Fuss, Washington Department of Fish and Wildlife, P.O. Box 43151, Olympia, Washington 98504. Pers. commun., April 1996.
30Although release data are only available beginning in 1905, production of chum salmon may have started earlier at the Skokomish Hatchery as reported by the Fish Commissioner in his 14th &15th Annual Report (WFC 1905:39): "This hatchery [Skokomish] was built in 1899 and has been operated continuously ever since....It does not produce the best variety of fish, a large per cent of its hatchery being Dog [chum] salmon, some Silversides but no Spring or Steelheads..."
31Walcott Slough is located just north of the Dosewallips River mouth and was the historical release and recapture site for fall chum salmon produced at the QNFH (Cook-Tabor 1994).
32D. Hendrick, Washington Department of Fish and Wildlife, 333 East Blackburn Rd., Mt. Vernon, Washington 98273. Pers. commun., November 1995.
33J. Uehara, Washington Department of Fish and Wildlife, P.O. Box 43151, Olympia, Washington 98504. Pers. commun., November 1995.
34R. Brix, Washington Department of Fish and Wildlife, 48 Devonshire Rd., Montesano, Washington 98563. Pers. commun., March 1997.
35J. Haynes, Washington Department of Fish and Wildlife, P.O. Box 43151, Olympia, Washington 98504. Pers. commun., November 1996.