NOAA Technical Memorandum NMFS-NWFSC-33 Status Review of Sockeye Salmon from Washington and Oregon Richard G. Gustafson, Thomas C. Wainwright, Gary A. Winans, F. William Waknitz, L. Ted Parker, and Robin S. Waples National Marine Fisheries Service Northwest Fisheries Science Center Conservation Biology Division 2725 Montlake Boulevard East Seattle, Washington 98112-2097 December 1997 U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE William M. Daley, Secretary National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration D. James Baker, Administrator National Marine Fisheries Service Rolland A. Schmitten, Assistant Administrator for Fisheries

Executive Summary

West Coast Sockeye Salmon ESUs
Other Population Units
Assessment of Extinction Risk

Acknowledgments

Introduction

Scope and Intent of the Present Document
Key Questions in ESA Evaluations
The "Species" Question
The "Extinction Risk" Question
Artificial Propagation
Summary of Information Presented by the Petitioners

Information Relating to the Species Question

Environmental Features
Physical Features of the Freshwater Environment
Ecoregions: Vegetation and Land Use
Ocean Upwelling
Zoogeography
Life History of Oncorhynchus nerka
Lake-Type Sockeye Salmon
River-Type and Sea-Type Sockeye Salmon
Nonanadromous Forms
Historical Distribution
Age Composition
Fecundity and Egg Size
Fry Emergence Timing and Fry Migration
Smolt Size and Outmigration Timing
Adult Run-Timing
Spawner Size
Ocean Life and Migration
Parasitism
Information Specific to Sockeye Salmon Populations Under Review
Oregon
Washington
British Columbia
Genetics
Previous Genetic Studies
New Data
Artificial Propagation
Grand Coulee Fish-Maintenance Project 107
Stock Transfers and Artificial Propagation
Discussion and Conclusions for ESU Determinations
Status of Transplanted Populations
Status of Nonanadromous Oncorhynchus nerka
Sockeye Salmon ESUs
Sockeye Salmon of Provisional ESU Status
Sockeye Salmon of Uncertain ESU Status

Assessment of Extinction Risk

Background
Absolute Numbers
Historical Abundance and Carrying Capacity
Trends in Abundance
Factors Causing Variability
Threats to Genetic Integrity
Recent Events
Other Risk Factors
Approach
Previous Assessments
Data Evaluations
Analysis of Biological Information by ESU
1) Okanogan River
2) Lake Wenatchee
3) Quinault Lake
4) Ozette Lake
5) Baker River
6) Lake Pleasant
Analysis of Biological Information for Provisional ESU
Big Bear Creek
Analysis of Biological Information for Other Population Units
Riverine-Spawning Sockeye Salmon
Deschutes River, Oregon
Conclusions: Risk Assessment
Conclusions: Risk Assessment
ESUs
Provisional ESU
Other Population Units

Appendix A - Glossary

Appendix B - Environmental Information
Table B-1 / Table B-2 / Table B-3 / Table B-4

Appendix C - Life History Trait Information
Table C-1 / Table C-2 / Table C-3 / Table C-4 / Table C-5 / Table C-6 / Table C-7 / Table C-8 / Table C-9

Appendix D - Records of Hatchery Outplants
Table D-1 / Table D-2 / Table D-3 / Table D-4 / Table D-5 / Table D-6

Appendix E - Summary of West Coast Sockeye Salmon Status
Table E-1