LIST OF FIGURES

Figure 1. Regional water masses and subareas of Puget Sound: 1) Northern Puget Sound; 2) Whidbey Basin; 3) Main Basin; 4) Hood Canal, and 5) Southern Puget Sound; and geographical locations and important water bodies in Puget Sound mentioned in the text.

Figure 2. Locations of major kelp beds in Puget Sound

Figure 3. Locations of major eelgrass beds in Puget Sound

Figure 4. First (PC1) and second (PC2) principal components in climate variables affecting Puget Sound, along with the Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO)

Figure 5. Plan view of net circulation in the upper layer (30 m) of the eastern end of the Strait of Juan de Fuca

Figure 6. Plan view of net circulation in the upper layer (30 cm) of Main Basin of Puget Sound proper

Figure 7a. Schematic of Puget Sound Circulation during flood tide

Figure 7b. Schematic of Puget Sound Circulation during ebb tide

Figure 8. Plan view of net circulation in the upper layer (30 m) of Admiralty Inlet and Whidbey Basin

Figure 9. Geographical locations in the Strait of Georgia and on the southern coast of British Columbia considered in this manuscript

Figure 10. Representative ebb velocity vectors in the general vicinity of the Fraser River mouth in the Strait of Georgia and the location (A) of and anchor station

Figure 11. Known Pacific herring spawning locations on the U.S. west coast from Cape Flattery, Washington to southern California

Figure 12. Geographic distribution of Pacific herring spawning grounds in Puget Sound and southern Strait of Georgia and extent of WDFW Pacific herring stocks (italics)

Figure 13a. Range of spawn timing of Pacific herring aggregation on the West Coast of North America

Figure 13b. Range of spawn timing of Pacific herring aggregation in Puget Sound

Figure 13c. Pacific herring spawn timing-mean day, 1 standard deviation and range by DFO Pacific herring Sections in Queen Charlotte Islands, North Coast British Columbia (Prince Rupert District), and Central Coast regions from 1940-99.

Figure 13d. Pacific herring spawn timing-mean day, 1 standard deviation and range by DFO Pacific herring Sections in Johnstone Strait, Strait of Georgia, and West Coast Vancouver Island regions from 1940-99.

Figure 14. Marine zoogeographic provinces of the North Pacific Ocean

Figure 15. Locations sampled for a Pacific herring allozyme study

Figure 16. Dendrogram showing the results of a UPGMA cluster analysis of Nei's genetic distance

Figure 17. UPGMA cluster analysis of Nei's genetic distance (Nei 1972) for 21 pacific herring populations

Figure 18. Geographical distribution of major Pacific herring spawning locations in herring Sections on the northern and north-central coast of British Columbia

Figure 19. Geographical distribution of major Pacific herring spawning locations in herring Sections in southern British Columbia

Figure 20. DFO Pacific herring Sections in the six Regions of British Columbia

Figure 21. Timing of Pacific herring spawn observations at Masset and Skidegate Inlets in the Queen Charlotte Islands Region, and at Burke Channel in the Central Coast Region of British Columbia

Figure 22. Geographical distribution of major Pacific herring spawning locations in Southeast Alaska

Figure 23. Geographical distribution of major Pacific herring spawning locations in south-central and western Alaska

Figure 24. Geographic origins of tagged Pacific herring at liberty for greater than one year and recovered in Queen Charlotte Islands and North Coast Regions of British Columbia

Figure 25. Geographic origins of tagged Pacific herring at liberty for greater than one year and recovered in Central Coast and Johnstone Strait Regions of British Columbia

Figure 26. Geographic origins of tagged Pacific herring at liberty for greater than one year and recovered in Strait of Georgia and West Coast Vancouver Island Regions of British Columbia

Figure 27. Comparisons of fidelity rates of Pacific herring by DFO Regions, Statistical Areas, Sections, and Locations in British Columbia compared to the geographical scale of the Georgia Basin DPS

Figure 28. Comparison of Pacific herring length-fecundity relationships at different geographical locations

Figure 29. Generalized DPS Boundaries for Georgia Basin Pacific Herring Distinct Population Segment (DPS)

Figure 30. Concentrations of flourescent aromatic hydrocarbons in the bile of Pacific herring from selected sites in Puget Sound and the Strait of Georgia in 1999 and 2000

Figure 31. Concentrations of PCBs in whole body tissues of Pacific herring from selected sites in Puget Sound and the Strait of Georgia in 1999 and 2000.

Figure 32. Locations of sites in Washington State from which mussels were collected for chemical analyses as part of the NOAA’s Mussel Watch Program

Figure 33. Mean concentrations (ppb, dry weight) of summed TPAHs in mussels from sites in Washington State

Figure 34. Mean concentrations (ppb, dry weight) of summed PCBs in mussels from sites in Washington State

Figure 35. Spawning biomass estimates in the British Columbia portion of the Strait of Georgia

Figure 36. Landings of herring in British Columbia portion of Strait of Georgia

Figure 37a. Average weight of herring of all ages sampled from the Cherry Point population

Figure 37b. Average weight at age of herring from the Cherry Point population

Figure 38. Estimated trends in biomass of North Puget Sound (Discovery Bay and Cherry Point), South Puget Sound (Quartermaster Bay, Port orchard-Port Madison, Port Gamble, and Port Susan), Puget Sound (North Sound and South Sound), Canadian Strait of Georgia, Georgia Basin (Puget Sound and Canadian Strait of Georgia)

Figure 39. Estimated trends in biomass of six Puget Sound spawning aggregations if herring

Figure 40. Average rate of exploitation by age on Cherry Point and Port Gamble herring populations

Figure 41. Annual rates of exploitation on the Cherry Point and Port Gamble herring populations

Figure 42. Annual natural mortality of Pacific herring in Puget Sound

LIST OF TABLES

Table 1.

Table 2. Average length-at-age for Washington State herring stocks measured in 1996.

Table 3, 3a, 3b, 3c. Localities in Southeast Alaska with reported Pacific herring spawning activity prior to 1930 and in the 1950s

Table 4. Length-fecundity relationship and total eggs/gram body weight for female Pacific herring from selected regions

Table 5. Comparison of WDFW classifications of status of inland water herring populations of Washington based on three stock assessments

Table 6. Puget Sound herring biomass estimates (tons)

Table 7. Commercial landings (tons) of herring in Washington: Years 1961-1996

Table 8. Comparison of WDFD classifications of status of inland water herring populations of Washington based on three stock assessments.

Table 9. Biomass (tons), forecasted biomass for 2000 and 2001, threshold biomass, and status of herring by Southeast Alaska management area and Prince William Sound

Table 10. Biomass estimates of herring spawning in San Francisco and Tomales Bays, California. Tomales Bay estimates included fish inside and offshore of Badaga Bay

Table 11. Results of trend analyses for Georgia Basin herring

Table 12. Age and year of millions of herring in the Cherry Point population

Table 13. Age and year of millions of herring in the Port Gamble population

Table 14. Age of millions of herring for 12 Puget Sound populations in 1998

Table 15. Summary of age compositions of Cherry Point Herring during the 1976-1979 and 1996-1999 periods

Table 16. Suggested values for productivity index parameters

Table 17. Decline thresholds for four categories of DPSs based on population resilience