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Home

 •2008 Annual Update
 •January 2009 Forecast
 •Adult Return Data

Large–scale Ocean and Atmospheric Indicators

 •Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO)
 •Multivariate El Niño Southern Oscillation Index (MEI)
 • Basin-scale winds

Local and Regional Physical Indicators

 •Sea surface temperature anomalies
 •Coastal upwelling
 •Physical spring transition
 •Deep–water temperature and salinity

Local Biological Indicators

 •Copepod biodiversity
 •Northern copepod anomalies
 •Copepod community structure
 •Biological spring transition
 •June spring Chinook
 •September coho
 •Zooplankton species composition

Indicators Under Development

 •A second mode of North Pacific sea surface temperature variation
 •Phytoplankton biomass
 •Euphausiid egg concentration, adult biomass, and production rates
 •Interannual variation in habitat area
 •Forage fish and Pacific hake abundance
 •Salmon predation index
 •Potential indices for future development

Introduction to Pacific Northwest Oceanography

 •Physical oceanographic considerations
 • Climate–scale physical variability

Ocean Sampling Methods

 •Hydrography, zooplankton, and ichthyoplankton
 •Juvenile salmon sampling

Acknowledgements

References

Archive

Links

Glossary

 


References


Bakun, A.  1973.  Coastal upwelling indices, west coast of North America, 1946–71.  U.S. Department of Commerce, NOAA Technical Report NMFS–SSRF–671.

Bakun, A.  1996.  Patterns in the ocean:  ocean processes and marine population dynamics.  University of California Sea Grant, La Jolla.

Beamish, R. J., and C. Mahnken.  2001.  A critical size and period hypothesis to explain natural regulation of salmon abundance and the linkage to climate and climate change.  Progress in Oceanography 49:423–437.

Bond, N. A., J. E. Overland, M. Spillane, and P. Stabeno.  2003.  Recent shifts in the state of the North Pacific.  Geophysical Research Letters 30(23)2183.

Columbia River DART (Data Access in Real Time).  1995—.  Online interactive database of the Columbia Basin Research group, University of Washington School of Aquatic & Fishery Sciences.  Available at www.cbr.washington.edu (September 2008).

Emmett, R. L.  2006.  The relationships between fluctuations in oceanographic conditions, forage fishes, predatory fishes, predator food habits, and juvenile salmonid marine survival off the Columbia River.  Ph.D. Thesis, Oregon State University, Corvallis.

Fessenden, L. M.  1996.  Calanoid copepod diet in an upwelling system: phagotrophic protists vs. phytoplankton.  Ph.D. Thesis, Oregon State University, Corvallis.

Gunsolus, R. T.  1978.  The status of Oregon coho and recommendations for managing the production, harvest, and escapement of wild and hatchery–reared stocks.  Oregon Department of Fish and Wildlife, Clackamas, OR.

Healey, M. C.  1991.  Life history of Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha).  Pages 311–394 in C. Groot and L. Margolis, editors.  Pacific salmon life histories.  University of British Columbia Press, Vancouver. 

Hooff, R. C., and W. T. Peterson.  2006.  Copepod biodiversity as an indicator of changes in ocean and climate conditions of the northern California current ecosystem.  Limnology and Oceaonography 51(6).

Logerwell, E. A., N. J. Mantua, P. W. Lawson, R. C. Francis, and V. N. Agostini.  2003.  Tracking environmental processes in the coastal zone for understanding and predicting Oregon coho (Oncorhynchus kisutch) marine survival.  Fisheries Oceanography 12(6):554–568.

Mantua, N. J., S. R. Hare, Y. Zhang, J. M. Wallace, and R. C. Francis.  1997.  A Pacific decadal climate oscillation with impacts on salmon.  Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society 78:1069–1079.

Miller, C. B., H. P. Batchelder, R. D. Brodeur, and W. G. Pearcy.  1985.  Response of the zooplankton and ichthyoplankton off Oregon to the El Niño event of 1983.  Pages 185–187 in Worster, W. W., and D. L. Fluharty, editors.  El Niño North.  Washington Sea Grant Program, University of Washington, Seattle.

Myers, J. M., R. G. Kope, G. J. Bryant, D. J. Teel, L. J. Lierheimer, T. C. Wainwright, W. S. Grant, F. W. Waknitz, K. Neely, S. Lindley, and R. S. Waples.  1998.  Status review of Chinook salmon from Washington, Idaho, Oregon, and California.  U.S. Department of Commerce, NOAA Technical Memorandum NMFS-NWFSC-35.

Nickelson, T. E.  1986.  Influences of upwelling, ocean temperature, and smolt abundance on marine survival of coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) in the Oregon Production Area.  Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 43:527 535.

Pearcy, W. G.  1992.  Ocean Ecology of North Pacific Salmonids.  Washington Sea Grant Program, University of Washington Press, Seattle.

Peterson, W. T., and J. E. Keister.  2003.  Interannual variability in copepod community composition at a coastal station in the northern California Current:  a multivariate approach.  Deep Sea Research Part II:  Topical Studies in Oceanography 50(14–16):2499–2517.

Peterson, W. T., and C. B. Miller.  1975.  Year–to–year variations in the planktology of the Oregon upwelling zone.  Fishery Bulletin, U.S. 73:642–653.

Peterson, W. T., and C. B. Miller.  1977.  Seasonal cycle of zooplankton abundance and species composition along the central Oregon coast.  Fishery Bulletin, U.S. 75:717–724.

PFMC (Pacific Fishery Management Council).  2008.  Preseason report I:  stock abundance analysis for 2008 ocean salmon fisheries.  Internal report. Pacific Fishery Management Council.  Portland, Oregon.

Sandercock, F. K.  1991.  Life history of coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch).  Pages 395–446 in C. Groot and L. Margolis, editors.  Pacific salmon life histories.  University of British Columbia Press, Vancouver. 

Scheuerell, M. D., and J. G. Williams.  2005.  Forecasting climate induced changes in the survival of Snake River spring/summer Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha).  Fisheries Oceanography 14(6):448–457.

Ware, D. M., and G. A. McFarlane.  1989.  Fisheries production domains in the Northeast Pacific Ocean.  Pages 359–379 in Beamish, R. J., and G. A. McFarlane, editors.  Effects of ocean variability on recruitment and an evaluation of parameters used in stock assessment models.  Canadian Special Publications of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 108.

Weitkamp L. A., T. C. Wainwright, G. J. Bryant, G. B. Milner, D. J. Teel, R. G. Kope, and R. S. Waples.  1995.  Status review of coho salmon from Washington, Oregon, and California. U.S. Department of Commerce, NOAA Technical Memorandum NMFS-NWFSC-24

Whiteaker, J., J. and K. Fryer.  2007.  Age and length composition of Columbia Basin Chinook and sockeye salmon and steelhead at Bonneville Dam in 2006.  Internal report.  Columbia River Inter–Tribal Fish Commission 07–4

 

 





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