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References



Ocean Indicators Home

2007 Annual Update

Forecast of Adult Returns

Large–scale Ocean and Atmospheric Indicators

 • Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO)
 • Multivariate El Nino Southern Oscillation Index (MEI)
 • Basin-Scale Winds

Local and Regional Physical Indicators

 • Sea Surface Temperature Anomalies
 • Coastal Upwelling
 • Physical Spring Transition
 • Deep Water Temperature and Salinity

Local Biological Indicators

 • Copepod Biodiversity
 • Northern Copepod anomalies
 • Copepod Community Structure
 • Biological Spring Transition
 • June Spring Chinook
 • September Coho
 • Zooplankton Species Composition

Indicators Under Development

 • A Second Mode of North Pacific Sea Surface Temperature Variation
 • Phytoplankton Biomass
 • Euphausiid Egg Concentration, Adult Biomass, and Production Rates
 • Interannual Variations in Habitat Area
 • Forage Fish and Pacific Hake Abundance
 • Salmon Predation Index
 • Potential Indices for Future Development

Introduction to Pacific Northwest Oceanography

 • Physical Oceanographic Considerations
 •  Climate–scale Physical Variability

Ocean Sampling Methods

 • Hydrography, Zooplankton, and Ichthyoplankton
 • Juvenile Salmon Sampling

Acknowledgements

References

Archive of Updates and Forecasts

Links

Glossary

 


References


Bakun, A.  1973.  Coastal upwelling indices, west coast of North America, 1946–71.  U.S. Department of Commerce, NOAA Technical Report NMFS–SSRF–671.

Bakun, A.  1996.  Patterns in the ocean: ocean processes and marine population dynamics.  University of California Sea Grant, La Jolla. 323 pp.

Beamish, R. J., and C. Mahnken.  2001.  A critical size and period hypothesis to explain natural regulation of salmon abundance and the linkage to climate and climate change.  Progress in Oceanography 49:423–437.

Bond, N. A., J. E. Overland, M. Spillane, and P. Stabeno.  2003.  Recent shifts in the state of the North Pacific.  Geophysical Research Letters: 30(23)2183.

Emmett, R. L.  2006.  The relationships between fluctuations in oceanographic conditions, forage fishes, predatory fishes, predator food habits, and juvenile salmonid marine survival off the Columbia River.  Ph.D. Thesis, Oregon State University, Corvallis.

Fessenden, L. M.  1996.  Calanoid copepod diet in an upwelling system: phagotrophic protists vs. phytoplankton.  Ph.D. Thesis, Oregon State University, Corvallis.

Gunsolus, R. T.  1978.  The status of Oregon coho and recommendations for managing the production, harvest, and escapement of wild and hatchery–reared stocks.  Oregon Department of Fish and Wildlife, Clackamas, OR.

Hooff, R. C., and W. T. Peterson.  2006.  Copepod biodiversity as an indicator of changes in ocean and climate conditions of the northern California current ecosystem.  Limnology and Oceaonography 51(6).  (full text available at www.ASLO.org).

Logerwell, E. A., N. J. Mantua, P. W. Lawson, R. C. Francis, and V. N. Agostini.  2003.  Tracking environmental processes in the coastal zone for understanding and predicting Oregon coho (Oncorhynchus kisutch) marine survival.  Fisheries Oceanography 12(6):554–568.

Mantua, N. J., S. R. Hare, Y. Zhang, J. M. Wallace, and R. C. Francis.  1997.  A Pacific decadal climate oscillation with impacts on salmon.  Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society 78:1069–1079.

Miller, C. B., H. P. Batchelder, R. D. Brodeur, and W. G. Pearcy.  1985.  Response of the zooplankton and ichthyoplankton off Oregon to the El Niño event of 1983.  Pages 185–187 in Worster, W. W., and D. L. Fluharty, editors.  El Niño North.  Washington Sea Grant Program, University of Washington, Seattle.

Nickelson, T. E.  1986.  Influences of upwelling, ocean temperature, and smolt abundance on marine survival of coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) in the Oregon Production Area.  Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 43:527 535.

Pearcy, W. G.  1992.  Ocean Ecology of North Pacific Salmonids.  Washington Sea Grant Program, University of Washington Press, Seattle.

Peterson, W. T., and J. E. Keister.  2003.  Interannual variability in copepod community composition at a coastal station in the northern California Current:  a multivariate approach.  Deep Sea Research Part II:  Topical Studies in Oceanography 50(14–16):2499–2517.

Peterson, W. T., and C. B. Miller.  1975.  Year–to–year variations in the planktology of the Oregon upwelling zone.  Fishery Bulletin, U.S. 73:642–653.

Peterson, W. T., and C. B. Miller.  1977.  Seasonal cycle of zooplankton abundance and species composition along the central Oregon coast.  Fishery Bulletin, U.S. 75:717–724.

Scheuerell, M. D., and J. G. Williams.  2005.  Forecasting climate induced changes in the survival of Snake River spring/summer Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha).  Fisheries Oceanography 14(6):448–457.

Ware, D. M., and G. A. McFarlane.  1989.  Fisheries production domains in the Northeast Pacific Ocean.  Pages 359–379 in Beamish, R. J., and G. A. McFarlane, editors.  Effects of ocean variability on recruitment and an evaluation of parameters used in stock assessment models.  Canadian Special Publications of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 108, Ottawa, Ontario.












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