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SAFE
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Stock Assessment and Fishery Evaluation. A document or set of documents that provide fishery management councils with a summary of the most recent biological condition of species in a fishery management unit, and the social and economic condition of the recreational and commercial fishing interests and the fish processing industries. It summarizes, on a periodic basis, the best available scientific information concerning the past, present, and possible future condition of the stocks and fisheries being managed under federal regulation.
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SAFMC
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South Atlantic Fishery Management Council.
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SARC
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Stock Assessment Review Committee.
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scales
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Thin, small, overlapping plates that protect a typical fish's body. Scales grow in regular concentric patterns and can be used to determine the age and life history of a fish.
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SCAN
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Scientific Committee on Animal Nutrition (European Union).
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Science Director's Office
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Provides overall leadership and coordination for the Northwest Fisheries Science Center's six divisions.
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screens
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Used at Columbia River hydroelectric dams to guide fish away from turbine intakes and into juvenile bypass systems.
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secondary consumer
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A heterotrophic, carnivorous organism that feeds on a primary consumer. Herring feeding on zooplankton are an example of a secondary consumer. See also food chain, heterotroph, and primary consumer.
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sediment
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Solid fragments of inorganic or organic material that come from the weathering of rock and are carried and deposited by wind, water, or ice.
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SEFSC
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Southeast Fisheries Science Center. One of six regional research centers of the National Marine Fisheries Service. See also NMFS.
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selection pressure
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A measure of the effectiveness of natural selection in altering the genetic composition of a population. See also natural selection.
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semelparous
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Having only one reproductive or spawning period and dies after spawning.
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sensory canal
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A branch of the lateral line that extends into the head of some fishes.
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SEPA
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State Environmental Policy Act (Washington).
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slope survey
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Bottom trawl, acoustic, or hook-and-line survey designed to provide information on distribution and abundance of demersal species and other biological resource information.
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SMA
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Shoreline Management Act (Washington).
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smolt
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Young salmon, migrating downstream from freshwater to saltwater. When parr become smolts, they lose their spots and turn silvery.
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smoltification
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A suite of physiological, morphological, biochemical, and behavioural changes, including development of the silvery color of adults and a tolerance for seawater, that take place in salmonid parr as they prepare to migrate downstream and enter the sea.
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sockeye salmon
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Species Oncorhynchus nerka. See also Pacific salmon.
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soft dorsal
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A dorsal fin containing only soft rays, or the soft rayed hind part of the dorsal fin if both spines and soft rays are present (as in perches).
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specialist
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A species with a very narrow range in habitat or food requirements. For example, the marbled murrelet nests in old-growth forests on thick branches high up in the forest canopy. Compare generalist.
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speciation
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The evolution of one or more species from an existing species.
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species
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A group of organisms that differs from all other groups of organisms and that is capable of breeding and producing fertile offspring. Compare kingdom.
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species abundance
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The total number of individuals of a species within a given area or community. Compare species richness.
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species diversity
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A measure of both species abundance and species richness. An area that has a large number of species and many representative individuals from each species is more diverse than an area that has only a single species. See also biodiversity, ecosystem diversity, and genetic diversity.
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species richness
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The number of different species that exist within a given area or community. Compare species abundance.
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SPR
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Spawning potential ratio. The number of eggs that could be produced by an average recruit in a fished stock, divided by the number of eggs that could be produced by an average recruit in an unfished stock. SPR can also be expressed as the spawning stock biomass per recruit (SSBR). See also MSP.
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SSB
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Spawning stock biomass. The total weight of the fish in a stock that are old enough to spawn.
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SSBR
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Spawning stock biomass per recruit. The spawning stock biomass divided by the number of recruits to the stock, or how much spawning biomass an average recruit would be expected to produce.
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SSC
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Scientific and Statistical Advisory Committee. A committee composed of scientific and technical individuals providing advice to a fishery management council.
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steelhead
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Species Oncorhynchus mykiss, an anadromous salmonid. See also Pacific salmon.
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stochastic
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Probabilistic or involving probabilities, chance, or random variables.
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stranding
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To drive or run ashore or aground.
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straying
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To wander from a direct course, deviate, or go out of the way, as when a spawning adult salmon returns to a stream other than its natal stream within a basin.
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substrate
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The material upon or within which a plant or animal live or grows (e.g., rocky or sandy substrate). See also benthic.
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sustainable
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A way of life in which human needs are met without diminishing the ability of other people, wild species, or future generations to survive.
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SWFSC
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Southwest Fisheries Science Center. One of six regional research centers of the National Marine Fisheries Service. See also NMFS.
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swim bladder
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A sac inside the salmon's body by which the fish can control buoyancy and which can also be used for respiration, also known as air bladder.
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symbiosis
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An interaction between two different species where either both, one or neither of the organisms benefit from the relationship. Many symbiotic relationships are obligatory (e.g., tropical reef building corals and their algal symbiont, also licens which are an alga and a fungus).
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sympatric
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Occupying the same space but without interbreeding, as with closely related but distinct species.
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systematics
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The area of biology that deals with the diversity of living organisms, their relationships to each other through evolution, and their classification. Can also be referred to as taxonomy.
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